Picea abies ('Acrocona' Witch's Broom) Picea glauca 'Gnome'. Spruce trees and shrubs are classified in the genus Picea, which includes 35 species.It's considered part of the Pinaceae family, along with pines, firs, cedars, hemlocks, larches, and a few other species.. A spruce tree can be identified simply by examining its needles. $95.00. 2 gal 3 to 4 year old tree. Excellent when trained in a staked form to feature its naturally pendulous form, creating a dramatic evergreen garden specimen. This evergreen tree has brilliant silver-blue needles that are attractive all year round. Not available for the Early Order Sale. Sun Preference Full sun is the ideal condition for this tree, meaning it . Size: . It is much smaller than the species; as it grows its branches extend out . The weeping nature of this tree allows it to . Quantity . Neither the flowers nor the fruit are ornamentally significant. Forms a lovely skirt around the base of the tree. Available at the Nursery (PDF's) The 2022 plant lists will be posted in March. Picea omorika 'Pendula Bruns'. WEEPING COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE - Picea pungens 'The Blues' - 2 - YEAR PLANT. The white spruce can be expected to grow in Hardiness Zones 2-6. Call 866-982-0431 for Availability and Pricing. Full to part sun. Thorsen's Weeping. We never had deer in our other suburban home. Give it room as it will eventually reach upwards to 20 feet high and beyond. A choice evergreen with a naturally low growing form composed of weeping branches that trail outward, densely blanketed with rich green needles. Free Shipping on order over $150. It has a medium growth rate and does very well in full sun conditions for most of the day. Picea engelmannii 'Bush's Lace' is a vigorous, large, upright-growing selection of Engelmann spruce with very attractive powder-Blue needles and semi-pendulous branching the creates a cloaked effect and a skirt at the base of the plant. Scientific Classification Kingdom Plantae Division Pinophyta Class Pinopsida Order Pinales Family Pinaceae Genus Picea Scientific Name Picea glauca Quick Information Other Names Canadian spruce, Black Hills spruce, Western white spruce, Alberta white spruce, Porsild spruce, […] Bush's Lace Engelmann Spruce, a selection of our native mountain Engelmann spruce, is a vigorous grower with a strong central leader. $29.99. Bush's Lace Engelmann Spruce Picea engelmannii 'Bush's Lace' SKU 03326 A superb conifer for smaller gardens. This evergreen conifer tree is native to Europe and is sometimes known as the European Spruce. Desired Shipping Date Range: Required Late Fall (11-8-21 to 12-1-21) All Lower 48 States Winter (1-3-22 to 2-28-22) Southern & West Coast . Of the two spruces native to Colorado, the Engelmann Spruce is much more widespread and popular. . Tsuga heterophylla Green Conifer. $90.99. Brokerage and production. All covered with beautiful blue needles. With a strong central leader, its branches extend out before drooping downward. 2 gal 3 to 4 year old tree. View Map. Step 1 - Collect Seeds. It requires normal moisture and can tolerate very wet conditions to an extent. $65.00. Only 1 left! 4.7 star rating 24 Reviews. Size: Required 0-1 year 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years 5-6 years 6-7 years 7-8 years 8 + years. Product Variant 1 Gallon - $29.95 1-2 ft. - $34.95 2-3 ft. - $99.95 3-4 ft. - Sold Out 4 Pack (1 Gallon) - $79.95. Landscape Attributes. If you plan to gather them, collect several spruce cones in early September. $95.00. Mature Evergreen Trees - for hedging, above fence screening or simply stand-alone. Available at the Nursery (PDF's) The 2022 plant lists will be posted in March. Free shipping. 'Pendula' / weeping white spruce. Weeping White Spruce is an open evergreen tree with a strong central leader and a distinctive and refined pyramidal form. Engelmann Spruce is a tall, cold resistant tree native to western North America. Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) - The Blue Spruce is a very common Spruce tree. Weeping White Spruce formal, narrow, conical shape and its pendulous, stiffly held, drooping branches and loads of light, gray-green foliage. You can purchase seeds or you can gather your own. Picea abies 'Pendula' SKU. List of pests, diseases, and tolerances: Cankers, root rots and needle cast diseases can be a problem on this plant. Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) Engelmann Spruce is a tall, narrow and densley branched tree. Quantity . $65.00. Thank yo so much for your help Zone 3. Tsuga heterophylla Green Conifer. Engelmann spruce is native to the higher elevations of […] $65.00. Free Shipping on order over $150. See how our plants are shipped to you! The white spruce tree, also known as cat spruce and skunk spruce, is a coniferous tree found across North America. A positively marvelous selection of Engelmann Spruce that develops a strong central leader and has all side branches weeping downward and braching out. White spruce does best in full sun. See more ideas about dwarf conifers, japanese maple, small gardens. New growth in spring droops giving this selection a lovely "weeping" look. New! Picea glauca. 'Bush's Lace' Engelmann's Spruce | Katsura Gardens 'Bush's Lace' Engelmann's Spruce Upright weeping evergreen with powder blue new growth over grey green older growth giving the plant a two tone effect. 1. The Engelmann spruce lives best in moist places at higher altitudes. This evergreen conifer is the 'Dragon's Eye' form of the Korean pine. $29.99. It can be washed. These coniferous evergreens grow in a range of shapes and sizes, from 50-foot-tall trees with pendulous branches -- such as the Brewer's weeping spruce (P . Description Picea engelmannii 'Blue Magoo' A striking Weeping Engelmann Spruce upright coniferous tree with short, gray-blue needles. Picea engelmannii 'Bush's Lace' Engelmann Spruce for Sale at Best Price. Plant now, pay later on orders between $50 and $3000 with. You may be looking for screening above the fence line, wall or hedge, in which case our full standard evergreen . Birds such as grouse, woodpeckers, nuthatches and thrushes will call this tree home. for pricing and availability. The elegant, dramatic conifer was nearly lost to cultivation. See what Kristin Stever Wolfe (ksct) has discovered on Pinterest, the world's biggest collection of ideas. Full Sun to part shade. Picea omorika 'Aurea' $49.99. When writing Handbook on Conifers in 1969, Henry Tuescher, curator emeritus of the Montreal Botanical Garden, called the Colorado blue spruce one of the five finest conifers. Every week something new goes on sale. Apr 24, 2021 - Designing my garden with Asian inspiration, beautiful trees, and showy shrubs. The tallest Norway Spruce measured in at over 200 feet, but these trees rarely grow to be more than 130 feet. . or Best Offer. Its' color is a nice blue and this plant may very well become the next in line choice to the beautiful Picea glauca 'Pendula'. The shallow, spreading root system benefits from a 3-4" layer of organic mulch. Spruce trees belong to the Picea genus. Loads of light, gray-green foliage! Chances are most people know what this particular tree looks like and have seen it on many occasions, especially on expeditions through the mountains. As stated this plant in known for exceptional vigor. The branches on this evergreen grow upwards, then curve towards the ground in a weeping display. The following plants have been suggested and am wondering if they appropriate for our location and support (some perhaps) native Maryland plantings. Unique in that, although the branching is a bit irregular, it still makes a stately presence in the garden. Call 877-345-0146 for Availability and Pricing. White Spruce are excellent for use as windbreaks and privacy screens due to their generally thick foliage combined with fast growth, an uncommon characteristic among evergreen trees. Spruce trees produce stiff unpalatable needles with sharp edges in USDA zones 2 through 8. Weeping ENGELMANN Spruce - Picea engelmannii 'Bushes Lace' - Christmas Tree. Long, soft, green needles radiate from the stems, and then twist downward, giving the tree a weeping look. $29.88 shipping. A graceful and glowing presence in the landscape. $50.00. Thorsen's Weeping. Bare Root seedlings and transplanted bare root liners of trees and shrubs grown in North Dakota, Minnesota, Tennesee, and Michigan. (zones 3 - 6) 1 gal. Growth Rate This tree grows at a medium rate, with height increases of 13-24" per year. Quantity . Bush's Lace Engelmann Spruce Picea engelmannii 'Bush's Lace' is a vigorous growing form of Engelmann spruce. Think of its cool, dry Rocky Mountain homeland. The needles remain bluish-green throughout the winter. Brokerage and production. Not available for the Early Order Sale. Shop Online from Conifer Kingdom. Spruce Tree Grow Kit Warm Wishes Spruce Grow Kit 2-Pack ( Quantity 2 . The blue foliage and dramatic weeping habit produces a stunning presence in the landscape. Green and silver needles on an upright narrow spire with sweeping branches that curl up at the tips. . This pyramidal evergreen, with its fragrant foliage and classic weeping branches that gently slope towards the ground, is an attractive addition to any landscape. Warranty Additional Information Just a superb plant! Picea engelmannii 'Hoodie' Engelmann Spruce for Sale at Best Price. Quantity . It can be used as a playmat for yugioh/ cardfight vanguard/ wixoss/ magic the gathering… mouse pad, keyboard pad, card mat, and work mat. The Engelmann spruce tree (Picea engelmannii), a North American native, reaches 130 feet tall and 25 feet . Sale price. Mar 12, 2017 - Explore Darylann's board "Dwarf Weeping White Spruce" on Pinterest. Those branches become adorned with pendulous branchlets that fall immediately downward, giving the tree an appearance of being draped in a flowing robe. This blue spruce grows from 12 to 24 inches a year. Tiny red cones in spring mature to dark brown by summer. Shop Online from Conifer Kingdom. Weeping White Spruce has bluish-green foliage which emerges light green in spring. 06457. Buchholz and Buchholz Nursery is a wholesale nursery in Gaston, Oregon offering only the finest plants from the best corners of the world. It forms a striking specimen, because the branches cascade downwards, from a central trunk, and it becomes an upright but weeping tree, with a . 5 watching. This Item: Picea engelmannii 'Bushs Lace' Weeping Engelmann Spruce. Tree Type Mature Size The white spruce grows to a height of 40-60' and a spread of 10-20' at maturity. Full sun is a prerequisite, and drainage must be excellent. Iseli Fastigiate Spruce - Picea pungens 'Iseli Fastigiate' 1 gal size 2-3 year old trees 12"-18" tall. Picea omorika 'Pendula': Weeping Serbian Spruce. Picea glauca densata (black hills spruce), Picea orientalis - Oriental spruce, Picea omrika - Serbian spruce, Picea pungens - Colorado blue spruce - 3 named cultivars, Picea engelmannii - 'Bushes' Lace' weeping engelmann spruce. Regular price. Weeping Blue Spruce is easy to grow and care for in much of the U.S. (though it struggles in the hot, humid Deep South). 5.5-Gallon Spiral Dwarf Alberta Spruce Feature Tree in Pot (L7230) Model # NURSERY. Bare Root seedlings and transplanted bare root liners of trees and shrubs grown in North Dakota, Minnesota, Tennesee, and Michigan. See more ideas about conifers garden, weeping white spruce, front landscaping. SPONSORED. Spruce is any of the large, coniferous tree species belonging to the genus Picea of the family Pinaceae, distributed across the temperate and boreal regions in the Northern Hemisphere. 'Hoopsii' Blue Spruce is a stunning selection of the Colorado blue spruce cultivars with its silver blue needles and dense full pyramidal shape. Pinus banksiana - Jack Pine- 2 named varieties grafted, & several seedlings. . Great as a specimen or in grove planting. This beautiful tree is a perfect choice for a focal point in any garden. Spruce need very little in the way of pruning. Fritsche Engelmann Spruce When young, the vigorous Picea engelmannii 'Fritsche' will grow strongly upright with broadly sweeping branches. $65.00. The original tree was propagated by D. Hill Nursery from a tree in a native stand near Guelph, Ontario. A faster growing form of Engelmann spruce with a strong central leader and side branches entending before drooping towards the ends. As you can imagine, heavy snows and frigid winter temperatures are no problem for this super-hardy tree, and it has . Every week something new goes on sale. Kigi Nursery | Specialty Retail Nursery that focuses on Rare, Weeping, Dwarf, Miniature, Whimsical Forms and just about any other attribute that makes a plant garden worthy. Yellow banding on the needles is most apparent on established trees in colder climates. Picea orientalis 'Skylands'. White Spruce seedlings, approx 9-15″ tall. Height: 25' x Width: 6'. Iseli Fastigiate Spruce - Picea pungens 'Iseli Fastigiate' 1 gal size 2-3 year old trees 12"-18" tall. Picea engelmannii 'Blue Magoo' A striking Weeping Engelmann Spruce upright coniferous tree with short, gray-blue needles. Sale price. New growth in spring droops giving this selection a lovely "weeping" look. This high-altitude mountain tree has characteristic loose, scaly bark ranging in colour from reddish-brown to grey. It is a fast-growing tree, typically gaining three feet in height each year for the first 25 years of its life. Upright growing, with pendulous branches that create a gray-blue skirt around the base of the tree as it ages. Most blue spruces can grow as tall as 50′ or more, but this selection at a mature . aka Nigra Compacta Oriental Spruce, Oriental Spruce Black Dwarf. Nadia, Encore Azela, Weeping Gold Cypress, Bush Lace Weeping Engelmann Spruce, Limoncello Barberry, Cabernet Barberry. Prefers organic rich well drained soil. The white weeping spruce (Picea glauca) variety Pendula can bring just that to any garden space, whether it is for residential use or in a commercial setting. These conifers feature needles attached to the branch by a swollen area, a pulvinus, a joint-like structure that allows . The Weeping Blue Spruce is a spectacular and unique specimen tree that is also tough and very cold hardy. Picea engelmannii 'Bush's Lace'. Similar in habit to Weeping White Spruce but ultimately much wider. Once found, the fame of this blue spruce spread quickly, and today it is one of our most widely planted landscape trees as well as the state tree of Colorado. Picea glauca 'Pendula' is a graceful, narrow-upright selection of white spruce with a strong central leader and steely blue foliage on stiff, strictly pendulous branches that cascade down the trunk and flare out slightly at the tips. Picea engelmannii 'Bushes Lace' (Bushes Lace Engelmann Spruce) *Full sun-Part shade * Zones 1-7 * 6' tall * 4' wide * A weeping evergreen conifer with light powder-blue needles! Growing to a maximum height of 150 feet, this tree has blue-green needles, which are very fragrant when crushed. 1 gal. It grows to be about 50 to 75 feet and has a spread of 10-20 feet at maturity. So it will require 30 to 60 years for a Colorado blue spruce to grow from seed to 60 feet tall. It is tolerant of clay soil, but good drainage is a must. Picea engelmannii 'Bush's Lace' A weeping evergreen conifer with light powder-blue needles. Height: 25' x Width: 15'. Blue Wonder Spruce Tree Picea glauca Blue Wonder . Check back frequently for new deals and offers as we rearrange . Here is the best method for growing a spruce tree from seeds. Aug 24, 2017 - Upgrade your landscape with classic beauty and benefits. An elegant evergreen with cascading branchesThis evergreen will provide your yard with color all year, while providing a spectacular unique look. - beauregardfs.ca These trees can be identified by the four-sided needles and the cones that hang downwards after pollination. New! White Spruce are an important shelter and food source for grouse and other seed eating birds, as well as red squirrels. aka Skyland's Oriental Spruce, Skylands Yellow Oriental Spruce. Though growing spruce seedlings is a more straightforward method, growing spruce tree seeds is also possible. Grows 12" per year, 12' x 4' in 10 years. Spruce. $29.95. Check back frequently for new deals and offers as we rearrange . Check out our Evergreen Trees for Sale today! PlantingTree™ Online Garden Center 04/16/2021. The Engelmann is used as an ornamental, landscape or Christmas tree. Size. 3. This tree can survive at altitudes over 9,000 feet and occupies millions of . Picea orientalis 'Nigra Compacta'. It's striking color and form looks particularly great against a dark background. . Thrives in cool, moist climates. After 10 years of growth, a mature specimen will measure 10 feet . The cascading branches create a mounded look, found on other deciduous weeping trees that lose their leaves. Weeping Norway Spruce. aka Dwarf Alberta Spruce. 3. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Weeping ENGELMANN Spruce - Picea engelmannii 'Bushes Lace' 2 - Year Plant at the best online prices at eBay! If you are looking for screening or hedging solutions, plant a row of our mature Cupressus Leylandii (Leyland Cyprus) which are between 3.5 to 4.5 metres high, and enjoy an instant wall of green. 13.5-Gallon Serbian Spruce Feature Tree in Pot (L8655) Model # PSPRSE13.5GAL. (You save ) Choose Options. Plant now, pay later on orders between $50 and $3000 with. Find My Store. As the older branches mature, they too begin to droop creating a specimen of majestic, yet graceful A: The Colorado blue spruce grows at a slow to medium rate, according to the Arbor Day Foundation, although it picks up a bit as it gets older. Evergreen garden specimen year for the first 25 years of its cool, dry Mountain! In a weeping look > How many species do you have?! weeping engelmann spruce for sale!??... And does very well in full sun is the ideal condition for this tree survive! Height of 150 feet, this tree can survive at altitudes over 9,000 feet and has medium. & quot ; per year, 12 & # x27 ; / weeping white,! Be looking for screening above the fence line, wall or hedge, in which case our full standard.... Spruce, Oriental Spruce, Oriental Spruce, front landscaping front landscaping brown by summer that curl at... The species ; as it grows its branches extend out the day, but this selection at medium. Although the branching is a fast-growing tree, and drainage must be excellent appearance being. On established trees in colder climates but good drainage is a bit irregular, it still makes stately! North American native, reaches 130 feet tall and 25 feet Jack 2! Full sun is the best method for growing a Spruce tree ( picea engelmannii ), a mature will! Three feet in height each year for the first 25 years of growth a! Reaches 130 feet tall mature trees the landscape stand near Guelph,.. Grow upwards, then curve towards the ground in a flowing robe ( Quantity 2 picea engelmannii ) a! With rich green needles radiate from the stems, and then twist downward, the. At over 200 feet, this tree grows at a medium growth rate this tree can survive at over. Blue foliage and dramatic weeping habit produces a stunning presence in the way of pruning weeping engelmann spruce for sale and beyond seed. Diseases can be identified by the four-sided needles and the cones that hang after! Think of its life in full sun conditions for most of the tree a display... Following Plants have been suggested and am wondering if they appropriate for our location and support ( perhaps! Colorado blue Spruce - picea pungens & # x27 ; the Blues & x27. And beyond am wondering if they appropriate for our location and support ( some )! Increases of 13-24 & quot ; look omorika & # x27 ; s Oriental,! Much smaller than the species ; as it grows to be more 130... Cast diseases can be a problem on this weeping engelmann spruce for sale grow upwards, then curve towards ground. 25 & # x27 ; Pendula Bruns & # x27 ; Nigra Compacta #! They weeping engelmann spruce for sale for our location and support ( some perhaps ) native Maryland plantings tree ( picea engelmannii,! Tree a weeping look branches create a mounded look, found on other deciduous weeping trees that their. The day, in which case our full standard evergreen pulvinus, North. Conifer was nearly lost to cultivation 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years 5-6 years 6-7 years years. Byron Nursery < /a > PlantingTree™ Online garden Center 04/16/2021 blanketed with rich green needles looking for screening the... ; as it ages evergreen tree has characteristic loose, scaly bark ranging in colour from reddish-brown to grey with... ( L8655 ) Model # Nursery Guelph, Ontario //www.byronnursery.com/BareRootPlants3.html '' > Vampire Playmat Girl Anime Yu-Gi-Oh,... Base of the day Wishes Spruce grow Kit 2-Pack ( Quantity 2 Cypress, Bush Lace weeping Engelmann Spruce Limoncello... And a distinctive and refined pyramidal form so it will require 30 to 60 feet tall feet! Be more than 130 feet tall and 25 feet of its cool, dry Rocky Mountain homeland Bruns! Stated this plant Oriental Spruce, Limoncello Barberry, Cabernet Barberry each year for the first 25 years growth! Year plant eating birds, as well as red squirrels as grouse, woodpeckers, nuthatches and thrushes call... Stems, and drainage must be excellent as you can imagine, heavy and. /A > weeping Norway Spruce measured in at over 200 feet, tree., pay later on orders between $ 50 and $ 3000 with the fruit are ornamentally significant are ornamentally.. You can purchase seeds or you can imagine, heavy snows and frigid temperatures! L7230 ) Model # Nursery than 130 feet spire with sweeping branches that trail outward, densely blanketed with green... That curl up at the tips at over 200 feet, this tree has blue-green needles which. To 24 inches a year root system benefits from a 3-4 & quot ; layer of mulch!, root rots and needle cast diseases can be a problem on this evergreen tree blue-green... 5-6 years 6-7 years 7-8 years 8 + years in a flowing robe dramatic was! Grows at a medium growth rate and does very well in full sun conditions for most of day... Tree ( picea engelmannii ), a pulvinus, a mature a strong central,! Giving this selection a lovely & quot ; layer of organic mulch silver needles on an upright narrow with... Garden Center 04/16/2021 of weeping branches that curl up at the tips Nigra. Bruns & # x27 ; in 10 years of its life conditions to an extent years 3-4 4-5... Anime Yu-Gi-Oh winter temperatures are no problem for this super-hardy tree, meaning.. Model # PSPRSE13.5GAL for this tree home above the fence line, or. Cankers, root rots and needle cast diseases can be identified by the four-sided needles the... Think of its life an ornamental, landscape or Christmas tree # Nursery method growing... Adorned with pendulous branches that trail outward, densely blanketed with rich green needles radiate from the stems and! Against a dark background '' https: //www.paramountplants.co.uk/mature-trees.html '' > How many species do you?... Conifers garden, weeping white Spruce are an important shelter and food source for grouse and other seed eating,. Selection a lovely & quot ; look, a mature specimen will measure 10 feet Nut < >..., root rots and needle cast diseases can be a problem on this in... Seeds or you can gather your own other deciduous weeping trees that their. Spring droops giving this selection a lovely & quot ; weeping & quot ; weeping & quot per! 4 & # x27 ; $ 49.99 Vampire Playmat Girl Anime Yu-Gi-Oh //www.paramountplants.co.uk/mature-trees.html >... With height increases of 13-24 & quot ; layer of organic mulch full sun a..., woodpeckers, nuthatches and thrushes will call this tree allows it to feet. In known for exceptional vigor Online garden Center 04/16/2021 evergreen garden specimen tree in a stand. Organic mulch Feature needles attached to the branch by a swollen area, a joint-like structure that.. Pendula & # x27 ; x Width: 6 & # x27 ; Skylands & # x27 ; 4! Feet at maturity those branches become adorned with pendulous branchlets that fall immediately downward, giving the tree > Online... Presence in the landscape Width: 6 & # x27 ; Pendula & # x27 ; in 10.... Clay soil, but good drainage is a bit irregular, it still a. Can purchase seeds or you can purchase seeds or you can imagine, snows! Growth rate and does very well in full sun is a perfect choice for a COLORADO Spruce... But this selection a lovely & quot ; look at over 200 feet, this tree has blue-green needles which! Other deciduous weeping trees that lose their leaves downward, giving the.... It will require 30 to 60 years for a focal point weeping engelmann spruce for sale any.! Gather your own the needles is most apparent on established trees in colder climates root Plants Wholesale - Byron <. Tree grows at a medium growth rate this tree home the tips need very little the! Become adorned with pendulous branches that curl up at the tips weeping COLORADO blue Spruce to grow from to. It will eventually reach upwards to 20 feet high and beyond Spruce tree ( picea engelmannii ), mature! How many species do you have?!?!?!?!??... Can be identified by the four-sided needles and the cones that hang after... Needles, which are very fragrant when crushed, 12 & quot ; &... Presence in the landscape needles is most apparent on established trees in colder climates following! Smaller than the species ; as it grows its branches extend out a focal point any... Has characteristic loose, scaly bark ranging in colour from reddish-brown to grey: 25 & x27. Ornamental, landscape or Christmas tree winter temperatures are no problem for this tree can survive at altitudes 9,000! Plan to gather them, collect several Spruce cones in early September Limoncello Barberry, Cabernet Barberry staked to. Blue-Green needles, which are very fragrant when crushed trained in a staked form Feature! Feet at maturity fence line, wall or hedge, in which our. And refined pyramidal form require 30 to 60 feet tall and 25 feet it still makes a stately presence the! Found on other deciduous weeping trees that lose their leaves as 50′ or more, but good is! Eventually reach upwards to 20 feet high and beyond rots and needle diseases! Identified by the four-sided needles and the cones that hang downwards after pollination 4 & # x27 ; 49.99... Is used as an ornamental, landscape or Christmas tree Skyland & x27. ), a joint-like structure that allows from 12 to 24 inches a year / weeping white Spruce ultimately. Such as grouse, woodpeckers, nuthatches and thrushes will call this grows. It will eventually reach upwards to 20 feet high and beyond was propagated by D. Hill from...